Pretpostavljam, da je vrlo malo ljudi procitalo tekst "Statisticko zakljucivanje" na mojim web-stranicama, kao i moj clanak  "Statistical 'Discoveries' and Effect-Size Estimation", koji je objavljen u JASA 1989. godine.  ( Journal of the American Statistical Association,  Vol. 84,  No. 406  (Theory and Methods), 1989  (str. 608-610.)  -  Soric B.: "Statistical 'Discoveries' and Effect-Size Estimation"  Taj moj clanak iz JASA ne objavljujem na Internetu zbog copyrighta JASA.  Separat se moze dobiti od mene (jasno: besplatno).   Inace, separati iz  Journal of the American Statistical Association  (JASA)  mogu se naruciti na Internetu,  ali se u tom slucaju placa desetak US dolara. 

   Web-adrese  (JASA  i  formular za narudzbu):

   http://www.jstor.org/journals/01621459.html  

   http://www.amstat.org/membership/Individual_Articles.pdf  )

      Izgleda da jos uvijek ima malo onih istrazivaca  koji shvacaju da je vazno,  u pojedinacnom istrazivanju (eksperimentu),  postici sto visu razinu statisticke znacajnosti  (najbolje  p < 0.000001 = 10^-6  ili, jos bolje,  p < 10^-9).

      Jos uvijek se smatra da se pojedinacna nul-hipoteza moze odbaciti  pri postignutoj razini znacajnosti od 5 posto (t.j.  p = 0,05).  Evo nekoliko primjera sa Interneta  (nadjenih 23. VI. 2003.):

http://www.animatedsoftware.com/ascodesc/statdesc.htm

The Animated Software Company  -  Statstics Explained - Statistical Significance 

      "In Psychology, and in many other domains, it is customary to describe one's finding as statistically significant, when the obtained result is among those that (theoretically) would occur no more than 5 out of 100 times (......) when (......) random samples are drawn". -   Last modified February, 2002  - Copyright (c) Russell D. Hoffman  

http://www.animatedsoftware.com/statglos/sgalpha.htm   

Statistics Explained  -  Written by: Howard S. Hoffman, Professor Emeritus of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College

      "For most psychologists, and for many other scientists, it is customary to set alpha at 0.05.  (......) ....you are asserting that the odds of obtaining that statistic by chance only are sufficiently low (one out of twenty) that it reasonable to conclude that your results are not due to chance. Could you be in error? Of course you could, but at least you know the probability of such an error. It is exactly equal to the value you have previously established for alpha". -  Last modified February, 2002   -  Webmaster: Russell D. Hoffman -  Copyright (c) Russell D. Hoffman

http://www.ganesha.org/spc/hyptest.html     

Statistical Hypothesis Tests  

William A. Levinson, P.E., MBA

      "If we run an experiment whose result follows a chi square distribution with 6 degrees of freedom....(.....)  If chi square > 12.59, there is only a 5 percent chance that it's just luck or variation, and we can be 95 percent sure that the null hypothesis is false".

http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/B35214.html

Hyperstat Online Contents

      "When using the 5% significance level, one concludes that the experimental treatment has a real effect if chance alone would produce a difference as large or larger than the one obtained only 5% of the time or less.

http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mstark/exp101/hypothesis.html

      "The question now becomes, what does it mean to be "statistically significant"? The answer is that you have a statistically significant effect if it is very likely that H0 is false, meaning H1 is very likely to be true  (......). The usual values used for significance level are 0.05 or 0.01, and a result is "significant at the 0.05 level" if p(H0) < 0.05  (p(H0) is the probability H0 is true).  Since H0 is unlikely to be true, H1 is very likely to be true, and we accept the outcome of the experiment as statistically significant".

      Neka  manje-vise  suprotna misljenja:

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_hypothesis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

      "The value of the null hypothesis is that it can be rejected with high probability, while non-null hypotheses cannot be confirmed with high probability (.....). In 2002, a group of psychologists launched a new journal dedicated to experimental studies in psychology (.....) The Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis (JASNH) was founded to address a scientific publishing bias (.....). According to the editors,   "other journals and reviewers have exhibited a bias against articles that did not reject the null hypothesis. We plan to change that by offering an outlet for experiments that do not reach the traditional significance levels (p < 0.05). Thus, reducing the file drawer problem, and reducing the bias in psychological literature. (......) We collect these articles and provide them to the scientific community free of cost."

http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/1999/statsig/statsig.htm

By Douglas H. Johnson,  1999.  The Insignificance of Statistical Significance Testing. - Journal of Wildlife Management 63(3):763-772.

      "American Psychological Association seriously debated a ban on presenting results of such tests in the Association's scientific journals. That proposal was rejected, not because it lacked merit, but due to its appearance of censorship (Meehl 1997).  (......)

      " The issue was highlighted at the 1998 annual conference of The Wildlife Society, in Buffalo, New York, where the Biometrics Working Group sponsored a half-day symposium on Evaluating the Role of Hypothesis Testing (......) Speakers at that session who addressed statistical hypothesis testing were virtually unanimous in their opinion that the tool was overused, misused, and often inappropriate.

      (......)  Several interpretations of P often are made.  Sometimes P is viewed as the probability that the results obtained were due to chance. Small values are taken to indicate that the results were not just a happenstance. (......)  Other times, 1-P is considered the reliability of the result (......) Alternatively, P can be treated as the probability that the null hypothesis is true. (......)  These 3 interpretations are what Carver (1978) termed fantasies about statistical significance. None of them is true" (.....)  

      Ipak, taj autor upada u drugaciju zabludu:

      "Ordinary confidence intervals provide more information than do P-values. (......) A confidence interval provides both an estimate of the effect size and a measure of its uncertainty" .

      Da se ne bi reklo da se "pravim vazan", sutio sam vise od deset godina.  Ali, ne radi se o meni, nego o tome, da bi znanost zaista morala biti  DOVOLJNO  provjerena,  a danas, na zalost, NIJE.  Objavljuje se vise radi objavljivanja, a manje radi znanstvene istine!  Zato bi bilo potrebno da svi istrazivaci  -  bez obzira mogu li slijediti jednostavne matematicke izvode ili ne mogu  -  upoznaju barem konacne zakljucke,  te da ih  PRIMJENJUJU  kod statisticke provjere svojih rezultata! 

  https://soric-b.tripod.com/statistickozakljucivanje/